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| Sponges feed by pumping water through their bodies, thus helping
oxygenate the shelf seas that they live in. (AP) |
The evolution of first animals may have oxygenated the Earth’s oceans
600 million years ago, scientists say, challenging the long-held belief
that rise in oxygen triggered development of complex life on our
planet.
New research led by the University of Exeter, UK, builds on the
recent work of scientists in Denmark who found that sponges – the first
animals to evolve – require only small amounts of oxygen.
“There had been enough oxygen in ocean surface waters for over 1.5
billion years before the first animals evolved, but the dark depths of
the ocean remained devoid of oxygen,” Professor Tim Lenton, who led the
study, said.
“We argue that the evolution of the first animals could have played a
key role in the widespread oxygenation of the deep oceans. This in turn
may have facilitated the evolution of more complex, mobile animals,”
said Lenton.
The researchers considered mechanisms by which the deep ocean could
have been oxygenated during the Neoproterozoic Era (from 1,000 to 542
million years ago) without requiring an increase in atmospheric oxygen.
Crucial to determining oxygen levels in the deep ocean is the balance
of oxygen supply and demand. Demand for oxygen is created by the
sinking of dead organic material into the deep ocean. The new study
argues that the first animals reduced this supply of organic matter –
both directly and indirectly.
Sponges feed by pumping water through their bodies, filtering out
tiny particles of organic matter from the water, and thus helping
oxygenate the shelf seas that they live in.
This naturally selects for larger phytoplankton – the tiny plants of
the ocean – which sink faster, also reducing oxygen demand in the water.
By oxygenating more of the bottom waters of shelf seas, the first
filter-feeding animals inadvertently increased the removal of the
essential nutrient phosphorus in the ocean.
This in turn reduced the productivity of the whole ocean ecosystem,
suppressing oxygen demand and thus oxygenating the deep ocean,
researchers said.
A more oxygen-rich ocean created ideal conditions for more mobile
animals to evolve, because they have a higher requirement for oxygen.
These included the first predatory animals with guts that started to
eat one another, marking the beginning of a modern marine biosphere,
with the type of food webs we are familiar with today.
“The effects we predict suggest that the first animals, far from
being a passive response to rising atmospheric oxygen, were the active
agents that oxygenated the ocean around 600 million years ago. They
created a world in which more complex animals could evolve, including
our very distant ancestors,” Lenton added.
“This study provides a plausible mechanism for ocean oxygenation
without the requirement for a rise in atmospheric oxygen,” Professor
Simon Poulton of the University of Leeds, who is a co-author of the study, added.
The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.
