ISLAMABAD:
The issue of under-registration of women voters continuously shadowed
the constitutionally promised universality and equal representation of
the electorate in the 2013 general elections, albeit with varying
intensity across regions.
“Of the 86.2m voters, 43.6 %
were females compared to the 80m voters in 2008 with 44 % women
voters,” said an analysis of the Free & Fair Election Network
(Fafen).It has prepared a voluminous report, containing Parallel Vote
Tabulations (PVT), compared to turnout and party trends of all the
National Assembly constituencies.
The report said that at
the provincial level, the ratio of man-woman voters has skewed further
towards the male side in Punjab and Balochistan—percentages of female
voters changed from 45.9 % to 2008 to 42.6 % in 2013 in Balochistan and
dropped from 45 % in 2008 to 43.8 % in 2013 in Punjab.
The
percentages of female voters have increased from 2008 to 2013 in
Federally Administered Tribal Areas (Fata) from 30.1 % to 34.2 %, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa (KP) from 40.7 % to 42.8%, Islamabad Capital Territory
(ICT) from 45.8 % to 46.3 % and more marginally in Sindh from 44.2 % to
44.8 %.
The report said a key issue observed in the last
parliamentary polls was the disproportionate and significant increase in
the number of rejected votes—the number, while increasing from 775,720
in 2002 to 973,694 in 2008, recorded a substantial raise of 64 % to
reach 1,502,717 in the 266 constituencies observed.
It
said that the issue of rejected voters is critical not merely due to the
numbers but also given the skewed distribution across constituencies
and regions—the numbers range from zero in NA-53 to 25,908 in NA-266.
The
report said the distribution of rejected votes paints a somber picture
in that only 27 of the 266 constituencies have fewer than 2,000 rejected
votes. Of the rest, 78 constituencies have rejected votes from
2,000-5,000, 148 ranged in 5,001-10,000, and 10 fell in the 10,001 to
15,000 category while three constituencies had rejected votes exceeding
15,000.
From the results’ perspective, the issue is
highlighted further by the fact that the number of rejected votes
exceeds the margin of victory in 35 of the 266 constituencies covered in
this report. Of these, the rejected votes outnumber the margin of win
by less than 1,000 votes in six, indicating an acquired importance of
rejected votes due to close competition.
In the other 29
constituencies, the number of rejected votes outweighs the margin of
victory by as little as 1,140 (NA-153) and as many as 19,701 (NA-266).
The
report said that the PVT compares the observed vote count in a sample
of polling stations with the compiled election result for that
constituency in order to provide evidence that confirms or disputes the
official poll result.
It said the PVT methodology was
developed over 20 years ago and has been applied in many countries
around the world by international and domestic election monitoring
organizations as a proven analytical method for verifying the accuracy
of government vote counts. The PVT is based on direct observation of
vote counting in a scientifically verifiable, robust sample of the
polling stations in each constituency.
The report noted
that although the PVT cannot measure other election-related problems
like vote buying, voter intimidation, ballot box stuffing or the use of
ghost polling stations, the PVTs are designed to identify potential
inaccuracies in the official count by comparing it with actual observed
and verified vote counts at sampled polling stations.
The
PVT can help detect centralized changes in vote counts if the percentage
of vote in official count offers in a statistically significant way
from the percentages calculated from the PVT sample.
In
cases in which electoral commissions release polling station level
results, the PVT counts for sampled polling station and the commission’s
polling station data can be compared directly.